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| 1608 |
| | A lucky accident reveals the principle of the telescope to a spectacle maker, Hans Lippershey. In the Dutch town of Middelburg | |
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| 1609 |
| | Galileo improves on the Dutch telescope (and doubles his salary by presenting one to his employer) | |
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| 1643 |
| | Evangelista Torricelli, observing variations in a column of mercury, discovers the principle of the barometer | |
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| c. 1650 |
| | A German burgomaster, Otto von Guericke, devises an air pump capable of creating a vacuum | |
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| 1656 |
| | Dutch physicist Christiaan Huygens constructs the first pendulum clock, on Christmas Day in the Hague | |
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| 1675 |
| | Christiaan Huygens, inventor of the pendulum clock, now develops the hairspring - of great future importance in watches | |
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| c. 1680 |
| | The English clockmaker Thomas Tompion is the first to make successful use of the hairspring in pocket watches | |
| | Pocket watch by Tompion Fotofile CG
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| c. 1685 |
| | Denis Papin, a French scientist working in England, demonstrates a pressure cooker fitted with a safety valve | |
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| 1698 |
| | A maker of harpsichords in Florence, Bartolomeo Cristofori, develops the piano ('soft') and forte ('loud') feature which leads to the piano | |
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| 1709 |
| | Abraham Darby at Coalbrookdale discovers the use of coke in the smelting of pig iron | |
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